Polysaccharide isolated from wax apple suppresses ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage in human hepatocytes / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) has received growing research interest for its high nutritional and medicinal value due to its constituents such as polysaccharide, organic acids, flavonoids, minerals, and other substances. In this study, wax apple polysaccharide (WAP) was isolated from this plant and its protective effect against ethyl carbamate (EC)‍-induced oxidative damage was evaluated in human hepatocytes (L02 cells). Firstly, a series of analyses such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were conducted to identify the structure of WAP. Thereafter, in vitro cell experiments were performed to verify the protective effects of WAP against EC-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative damage in L02 cells. Our results revealed that WAP is composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 2.20:‍3.94:‍4.45:‍8.56:‍8.86:‍30.82:‍39.78:‍1.48. Using a combination of methylation and NMR spectroscopic analysis, the primary structure of WAP was identified as Araf-(1→, Glcp-(1→, →2)‍-Araf-(1→, →3)‍-Galp-(1→, →3)‍-Araf-‍(1→, and →6)‍-Galp-‍(1→. Cell experiments indicated that WAP exhibited significant protective effects on EC-treated L02 cells via suppressing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and O2•- formation, as well as improving mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and glutathione (GSH). In a nutshell, WAP has the potential as an important therapeutic agent or supplement for hepatic oxidative damage. Meanwhile, further studies are needed to prove the above effects in vivo at the biological and clinical levels.

Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Properties of the Flavonoid-rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of the Crude Methanol Leaf Extract of Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. (Myrtaceae) against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Introduction@#Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the Philippines and about 3 in every 100 Filipina will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. There is a need to discover safe, yet inexpensive herbal extracts with potential cytotoxic properties as potential treatment modalities to treat breast cancer. @*Objectives@#This study seeks to explore the cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of the defatted crude methanol leaf extract of Syzygium samarangense in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. @*Methods@#Screening for flavonoids of the extracts was performed using TLC, total flavonoids, total phenols, FTIR and LC-MS spectroscopy. The hydrogen peroxide and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power were used as substrates to assess in vitro anti-oxidative properties of the extracts. The MTT dye viability assay was used to assess the cytotoxic properties of the extracts against MCF-7 cells. Apoptotic properties of the extracts in MCF-7 cells were determined by caspase-3 activation assay, DNA fragmentation patterns and fluorescence microscopy after annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. @*Results@#The abundance of flavonoids in the ethyl acetate fraction of the crude methanol leaf extract was established by TLC, FTIR, LC-MS/MS, total flavonoid and total phenol analyses. The in vitro anti-oxidative properties of this extract was comparable to ascorbic acid. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of this extract in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines was 7.2 mcg/mL while doxorubicin registered an IC50 of 1.2 mcg/mL. At this concentration, the extract was not cytotoxic to normally-dividing breast epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity of the extract was mediated via apoptosis as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation and fluorescence microscopic analyses. @*Conclusion@#The study shows that the flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate fraction of the crude methanol leaf extract of S. samarangense possesses potent apoptotic and cytotoxic properties against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines at low concentrations.

Alternativas de controle do diabetes / Alternatives for diabetes control / Alternativas para el control de la diabetes

O Diabetes desde a antiguidade tem sido uma das maiores causas de morte entre as populações do globo, e segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde continua assolando nos nossos dias. Apesar das descobertas de tratamentos mais eficazes, a doença vem avançando em progressões assustadoras atualmente, com projeções preocupantes para a saúde pública. Como estratégia de acompanhamento terapêutico, estatístico direcionado a portadores de diabetes, o Governo Federal lançou o programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensos e Diabéticos), que faz o acompanhamento da evolução da doença e das complicações dos pacientes. E neste sentido, também são utilizadas terapêuticas mais acessíveis como as plantas medicinais. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em realizar uma revisão bibliográfica abordando as opções de terapias de controle do diabetes oferecidas no Sistema Único de Saúde e pesquisar fitoterápicos com potencial hipoglicêmico aprovados pela Anvisa. Através de levantamento bibliográfico, foram identificadas oito espécies vegetais utilizadas pela medicina popular no controle do diabetes, sendo estas: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora e Baccharis Trimera. Essas plantas do programa, embora tenham comprovação de seu efeito hipoglicêmico e redutores dos sintomas diabéticos, pelas suas propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamatórias, colabora para uma melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

Since antiquity, Diabetes has been one of the biggest causes of death amon-g populations around the globe, and according to the World Health Organization, it continues to plague our days. Despite discoveries of more effective treatments, the disease is currently advancing in frightening progressions, with worrying projections for public health. As a therapeutic, statistical follow-up strategy aimed at people with diabetes, the Federal Government launched the HIPERDIA (Hypertensive and Diabetic) program, which monitors the evolution of the disease and the complications of patients. And in this sense, more accessible therapies such as medicinal plants are also used. The objective of this research is to carry out a literature review addressing the options for diabetes control therapies offered in the Unified Health System and to search for herbal medicines with hypoglycemic potential approved by Anvisa. Through a bibliographical survey, eight plant species used by folk medicine to control diabetes were identified, namely: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora and Bacharis Trimera. These plants in the program, although they have evidence of their hypoglycemic effect and reduce diabetic symptoms, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contribute to a better quality of life for patients.

La diabetes ha sido desde la antigüedad una de las principales causas de muerte entre las poblaciones del planeta, y según la Organización Mundial de la Salud sigue haciendo estragos en nuestros días. A pesar de los descubrimientos de tratamientos más eficaces, la enfermedad avanza actualmente con una progresión aterradora, con proyecciones preocupantes para la salud pública. Como estrategia de seguimiento terapéutico, estadísticamente dirigida a las personas con diabetes, el Gobierno Federal puso en marcha el programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensión y Diabetes), que controla la evolución de la enfermedad y las complicaciones de los pacientes. En este sentido, también se utilizan terapias más accesibles, como las plantas medicinales. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una revisión bibliográfica que aborde las opciones de terapias para el control de la diabetes ofrecidas en el Sistema Único de Salud y buscar fitoterapias con potencial hipoglucemiante aprobadas por Anvisa. Mediante un estudio bibliográfico, se identificaron ocho especies vegetales utilizadas por la medicina popular en el control de la diabetes, a saber: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora y Baccharis Trimera. Estas plantas del programa, aunque han demostrado su efecto hipoglucemiante y reductor de los síntomas diabéticos, por sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias, colaboran a una mejor calidad de vida para los pacientes.

Syzygium aromaticum como candidato a bactericida: efectos en la microbiota oral / Syzygium aromaticum as a bactericidal candidate: effects on the oral microbiota

El cavo de olor (Syzygium aromaticum) es un árbol, originario de Indonesia, con altura variable, pero que sobre pasa los 10 metros de altura, perteneciente a la familia de las Myrtaceae y cuyas flores que no han abierto, se convierten en botones, que al secar son los mencionados clavos de olor. Poseen como componente principal el Eugenol, entre otros compuestos orgánicos. Por sus características bioquímicas y organolépticas, le proporcionan varios beneficios para la salud, por actuar como estimulantes, antioxidante, con acción antibacterial, antiespasmódicas, además de su marcada acción analgésica y anestésica. Por su parte, la microbiota oral, está conformada por un amplio conjunto de microorganismos pertenecientes al ecosistema bucal y que a través del equilibrio de los mismos, se logrará un adecuado funcionamiento y desarrollo de las funciones fisiológicas en pro de la salud bucal del individuo. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar los datos específicos en el uso del clavo de olor como agente bactericida en las afecciones bucodentales, encontrándose que si puede ser usado como agente bactericida por su marcado efecto sobre la microbiota oral a nivel de eliminar los microorganismos nocivos presentes en la misma, ya que actúa inhibiendo la recomposición de las proteínas, los ácidos nucleicos y la membrana de la pared celular, cambiando la permeabilidad de las células de los microorganismos, favoreciendo su muerte y a su ves favoreciendo el adecuado equilibrio de la microbiota oral, necesario para la adecuada salud bucodental(AU)

The clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a tree, native to Indonesia, with variable height, but that exceeds 10 meters in height, belonging to the Myrtaceae family and whose flowers that have not opened, become buttons, that when drying are the aforementioned cloves. Their main component is Eugenol, among other organic compounds. Due to their biochemical and organoleptic characteristics, they provide several health benefits, for acting as stimulants, antioxidant, with antibacterial, antispasmodic action, in addition to their marked analgesic and anesthetic action. For its part, the oral microbiota is made up of a wide set of microorganisms belonging to the oral ecosystem and that through their balance, an adequate functioning and development of physiological functions will be achieved in favor of the oral health of the individual. The objective of this research is to examine the specific data on the use of cloves as a bactericidal agent in oral conditions, finding that it can be used as a bactericidal agent due to its marked effect on the oral microbiota at the level of eliminating harmful microorganisms present in it, since it acts by inhibiting the recomposition of proteins, nucleic acids and the cell wall membrane, changing the permeability of the cells of microorganisms, favoring their death and in turn favoring the proper balance of the oral microbiota, necessary for proper oral health(AU)

Inhibition of Escherichia coli nitroreductase by the constituents in Syzygium aromaticum / 中国天然药物

Gut bacterial nitroreductases play an important role in reduction of various nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding N-nitroso compounds, hydroxylamines or aromatic amines, most of which are carcinogenic and mutagenic agents. Inhibition of gut nitroreductases has been recognized as an attractive approach for reducing mutagen metabolites in the colon, so as to prevent colon diseases. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 55 herbal medicines against Escherichia coli(E. coli) nitroreductase (EcNfsA) were examined. Compared with other herbal extracts, Syzygium aromaticum extract showed superior inhibitory potency toward EcNfsA mediated nitrofurazone reduction. Then, the inhibitory effects of 22 major constituents in Syzygium aromaticum against EcNfsA were evaluted. Compared with other tested natural compounds, ellagic acid, corilagin, betulinic acid, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, urolithin M5 and isorhamnetin were found with strong to moderate inhibitory effect against EcNfsA, with IC50 values ranging from 0.67 to 28.98 mol·L-1. Furthermore, the inhibition kinetic analysis and docking simulation demonstrated that ellagic acid and betulinic acid potently inhibited EcNfsA (Ki < 2 μmol·L -1) in a competitively inhibitory manner, which created strong interactions with the catalytic triad of EcNfsA. In summary, our findings provide new scientific basis for explaining the anti-mutagenic activity of Syzygium aromaticum, where some newly identified EcNfsA inhibitors can be used for developing novel agents to reduce the toxicity induced by bacterial nitroreductase.

Phytochemical composition, antifungal activity, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels leaves extract / Composición fitoquímica, actividad antifúngica, toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels

This study determined phytochemical composition, antifungal activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of Syzygium cumini leaves extract (Sc). Thus, was characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and submitted to determination of Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) on reference and clinical strains of Candida spp. and by growth kinetics assays. Toxicity was verified using in vitro assays of hemolysis, osmotic fragility, oxidant and antioxidant activity in human erythrocytes and by in vivo acute systemic toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae. Fourteen different compounds were identified in Sc, which showed antifungal activity (MIC between 31.25-125µg/mL) with fungistatic effect on Candida. At antifungal concentrations, it demonstrated low cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and neglible in vivotoxicity. Thus, Sc demonstrated a promising antifungal potential, with low toxicity, indicating that this extract can be a safe and effective alternative antifungal agent.

Este estudio determinó la composición fitoquímica, la actividad antifúngica y la toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (Sc). Así, se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y se sometió a determinación de Concentraciones Mínimas Inhibitorias (CMI) y Fungicidas (MFC) sobre cepas de referencia y clínicas de Candida spp. y mediante ensayos de cinética de crecimiento. La toxicidad se verificó mediante ensayos in vitro de hemólisis, fragilidad osmótica, actividad oxidante y antioxidante en eritrocitos humanos y por toxicidad sistémica aguda in vivo en larvas de Galleria mellonella. Se identificaron catorce compuestos diferentes en Sc, que mostraron actividad antifúngica (CMI entre 31.25-125 µg/mL) con efecto fungistático sobre Candida. En concentraciones antifúngicas, demostró baja citotoxicidad, actividad antioxidante y toxicidad in vivo insignificante. Por lo tanto, Sc demostró un potencial antifúngico prometedor, con baja toxicidad, lo que indica que este extracto puede ser un agente antifúngico alternativo seguro y eficaz.

Atividade antifúngica de isolados clínicos de Candida não-albicans aos óleos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum (cravo-da-índia) e Eucalyptus globulus (eucalipto-comum) / Antifungal activity of clinical isolates of Candida non-albicans to the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum (cloud) and Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)

RESUMO: Introdução: O gênero Candida possui alta taxa de incidência no ser humano, sendo a espécie Candida albicans a mais isolada em infecções invasivas e superficiais. Porém, tem sido relatado um aumento considerável de espécies de Candidanão-albicans em infecções fúngicas. Os óleos essenciais, por serem voláteis, podem agir como sinais de comunicação química e arma de defesa. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia, in vitro, dos óleos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum e Eu-calyptus globulus na inibição do crescimento de espécies de Candida não-albicans. Métodos: Para avaliação da atividade antifúngica de S. aromaticum e de E. globulus e do efeito dos seus óleos essenciais sobre a micromorfologia das espécies Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis e Candida glabrata, foram empregadas, nesta ordem, a técnica de difusão em ágar e de microcultivo para leveduras. Resultados: Na técnica de difusão, o óleo essencial de S. aromaticum apresentou for-mação de halo de inibição para Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis e Candida glabrata. O óleo de E. globulus, por sua vez, não apresentou crescimento de halos de inibição em nenhuma das concentrações testadas frente às três espécies de Candida não-albicans. Todavia, com o microcultivo, ambos os óleos essenciais se provaram, in vitro, eficazes antimi-crobianos tendo apresentado estruturas indicativas de atividade antifúngica na maior concentração dos óleos e diferentes graus de destruição celular nas demais concentrações. Conclusão: Nas condições deste estudo, concluiu-se que os pro-dutos avaliados exerceram atividade antifúngica contra cepas de Candida não-albicans, destacando-se o óleo essencial de S. aromaticum que apresentou atividade antimicrobiana em ambas as metodologias. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The genus Candida possesses a high incidence of infection in humans, with the Candida albicans species being the most isolated in invasive and superficial infections. However, a considerable increase in non-albicans Candidaspecies has been reported in fungal infections. Essential oils, for being volatile, can act as chemical communication sig-nals and defense mechanisms. Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness, in vitro, of the essential oils of Syzygium aromati-cum and Eucalyptus globulus in inhibiting the growth of non-albicans Candida species. Methods: To evaluate the antifun-gal activity of S. aromaticum and E. globulus and the effect of their essential oils on the micromorphology of the species Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata, in this order, the agar diffusion technique and microculture for yeasts. Results: In the diffusion technique, the essential oil of S. aromaticum presented an inhibition halo for Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata. E. globulus oil, on the other hand, did not show inhibition halo growth in any of the concentrations tested against the three non-albicans Candida species. However, in the microculture, both essential oils have proven to be effective antimicrobials having shown structures indicative of antifungal activity in the highest concentration and different degrees of cell destruction in the other concentrations. Conclusion: In the conditions of this study, it was concluded that the products evaluated exerted antifungal activity against non-albicans Candidastrains, highlighting the essential oil of S. aromaticum that showed antimicrobial activity in both methodologies. (AU)

Antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect assessment of the leaves from Syzygium cumini (L. ) Skeels in Wistar rats

Syzygiumcumini(L.) Skeels wasadaptedto the climatic conditionsandsoil typesin Brazil. Its fruits, leaves andinner barkare usedin folk medicinedue to their highantioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenicandantidiabeticactivities mainlyassociated with the presenceof phenolic compounds. It is estimated thatat least300million peopleworldwide developdiabetesand approximately 11million peopleare carriersof the disease in Brazil.The objectiveof this workwas to evaluate thein vitro antioxidant activity, as well as thehypoglycemic actionofhydroethanolic extract(HEE), the ethyl acetate(EAF) andhydromethanolic(HMF) fractions from leavesofS.cumini(L.) Skeels in rats. All assays werecarried out in three replications. Data wereexpressed as meanSDand significance was evaluated by ANOVAand Bonferronitest (p < 0.05). The results indicatea significant(p < 0.05) total phenolcontent (207 ± 2.3GAE mg g-1) andantioxidant activity(EC50=9.05±0.170 µg mL-1) for EAF. HEE and its fractions showed no significant (p > 0.05) actionto modulateglucosebytheOGTT assayinnondiabetic micecompared to control. Thus the use of the plant against diabetes in individuals is not proven.

Assessment of antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum extracts, antibiotics and silver sulphadiazine ointment against pathogenic bacteria isolated from the burned and unburned skin

Aims@#Skin burns remain a noteworthy general medical issue throughout the world, as it boosts a condition of immuno-suppression. The present research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum extracts, silver sulphadiazine ointment, and different commercially available topical antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria, isolated from the skin of burn patients.@*Methodology and results@#A total of 124 clinical pus samples were collected from the skin of burn patients, admitted to two different tertiary care burn units at Peshawar, Pakistan. From these pus samples, 6 bacterial isolates from burned skin (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp.) were isolated, while 4 different bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus and Streptococcus spp.) were isolated from unburned skin via conventional culturing techniques. Further, antibacterial assays were performed to compare the efficacy of S. aromaticum extracts (methanolic and aqueous extract), silver sulphadiazine ointment, and different commercially available antibiotics against tested bacteria. It was observed that both methanolic and aqueous extracts of S. aromaticum were effective at all concentrations against all the tested bacteria. In addition, all the tested antibiotics expressed substantial activity against most of the bacterial isolates. While silver sulphadiazine ointment was observed to be less potent against isolated bacteria as compared to S. aromaticum extracts. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#It was concluded that both aqueous and methanolic extracts of S. aromaticum were effective antimicrobial agents and could be used as an alternative to control bacterial infections of burn patients. This study would help to distinguish the risk factors of bacterial pathogenicity in burn patients and would also provide a guideline to utilize medicinal plants and their extracts to minimize the chances of antibiotic resistance phenomenon in burn patients.

Inhibition effect of active fraction from clove on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to induce apoptosis of human colon cancer HCT116 cells / 中国中药杂志

To screen the sensitive cell lines of active fraction from clove(AFC) on human colon cancer cells, investigate the effects of AFC on the cells proliferation and apoptosis as well as PI3 K/Akt/mTOR(phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathways involved, and reveal the mechanism of AFC for inducing apoptosis of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of AFC. AFC-induced apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. HCT116 cells were treated with AFC with or without pretreatment with insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ), and then the protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP), PI3 K, p-PI3 K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR in PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. RESULTS:: showed that the most obvious inhibitory effect of AFC was on human colon cancer HCT116 cells, and the optimal AFC treatment time was 48 hours. After AFC treatment, typical apoptotic features such as nuclear chromatin concentration, nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic bodies appeared in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining showed that as compared with the control group, 50 and 100 μg·mL~(-1) AFC groups increased the apoptosis rate of HCT116 cells significantly(P<0.001); AFC activated caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in a concentration-dependent manner. The protein expression levels of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3, cleaved PARP/PARP and caspase-9/β-actin after treatment of AFC(100 μg·mL~(-1)) were significantly different from those in the control group(P<0.001). The relative protein expression of p-PI3 K, p-Akt and p-mTOR decreased in a concentration dependent manner, while Akt and mTOR showed no significant differences among groups. The ratios of p-PI3 K/PI3 K, p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR in the AFC groups(50 and 100 μg·mL~(-1)) were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.01). Its combination with IGF-Ⅰ weakened the effect of AFC in inhibiting PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR in the AFC+IGF-Ⅰ group were significantly enhanced as compared with the AFC group(P<0.05). Apoptosis-related protein expression levels(cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) in HCT116 cells treated with AFC+IGF-Ⅰ were also down regulated. As compared with the AFC group, the ratios of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3 and cleaved PARP/PARP in the AFC+IGF-Ⅰ group were significantly decreased(P<0.01). In summary, AFC activated caspase-mediated cascades and induced HCT116 cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may be associated with the inhibition of the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Bioactive compounds in jamelão yogurt (Syzygium cumini L) / Compostos bioativos em iogurte de jamelão (Syzygium cumini L)

The jamelão fruit has been used in traditional Indian medicine and has recently attracted interest as a functional food, as it is rich in anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are of interest of the food industry due to their antioxidant power, attractive color and stability in acid-rich foods. This research used the gelation process with sodium alginate solution to obtain bioactive yogurt from the production of jamelão capsules added to natural yogurt. The proportion was 80% yogurt and 20% jellybean pulp capsules. The treatments were control yogurt (without the addition of jamelão capsules), jamelão capsules and bioactive yogurt (with the capsules). The objective was to study the antioxidant activity, physical-chemical, nutritional and microscopic stability of the product kept under refrigeration for 28 days at 4±1ºC. The addition of jamelão capsules in the yogurt changed the product's physical properties (increased humidity and decreased Brix and ash). There was an increase in the amount of phenols and anthocyanins, in addition to the antioxidant potential at 28 days of storage. The interior of the microcapsules was composed of a mesh structure through which the encapsulated material was distributed, as the capsules can be added to yogurt, to improve the antioxidant and nutritional capacity, which proves to be a promising and viable alternative.

A fruta Jamelão tem sido usada na medicina tradicional indiana e recentemente atrai interesse como alimento funcional, por ser rica em antocianinas. As antocianinas são de interesse da indústria de alimentos devido ao seu poder antioxidante, cor atraente e estabilidade em alimentos ácidos. Esta pesquisa utilizou o processo de gelificação com solução de alginato de sódio para obter iogurte bioativo, a partir da produção de cápsulas de jamelão adicionadas em iogurte natural. A proporção utilizada foi de 80% de iogurte e 20% de cápsulas de polpa de jamelão. Os tratamentos foram iogurte controle (sem adição de cápsulas de jamelão), cápsulas de jamelão e iogurte bioativo (contendo as cápsulas). O objetivo foi estudar a atividade antioxidante, a estabilidade físico-química, nutricional e microscópica do produto mantido sob refrigeração por 28 dias a 4 ± 1 ºC. A adição de cápsulas de jamelão no iogurte alterou as propriedades físicas do produto (aumento de umidade, diminuição de Brix e cinzas). Houve aumento na quantidade de fenóis e antocianinas, além do potencial antioxidante aos 28 dias de armazenamento. O interior das cápsulas era composto por uma estrutura em malha através da qual o material encapsulado foi distribuído. Desta forma, as cápsulas podem ser um ingrediente adicionado ao iogurte, melhorando a capacidade antioxidante e nutricional, provando ser uma alternativa promissora e viável.

Preparation of polymer nanoparticles loaded with Syzygium aromaticum essential oil: an oral potential application / Preparación de nanoparticulas polimericas cargadas con aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum: una potencial aplicación oral

Due to the biological activities of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil, its incorporation in methacrylate polymeric (Eudragit E100) nanoparticles (NP), physical characterization, and antimicrobial essays were evaluated. The clove bears great potential for applications in dentistry. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and oil loaded NP using the nanoprecipitation method. Particle size and polydispersity index were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy, and physical morphology by electron microscopy. Loading capacity and in vitro eugenol release were evaluated by gas mass chromatography, and the antimicrobial activity of oil loaded-NP was calculated against Streptococcus mutans. Different chemical ingredients were characterized, and eugenol was the principal compound with 51.55%. Polymer content was directly related to NP homogenous size, which was around 150 nm with spherical morphology. A 73.2% loading capacity of eugenol was obtained. Oil loaded NP presented a fickian-type release mechanism of eugenol. Antimicrobial activity to 300 µg/mL was obtained after 24 h.

Debido a las actividades biológicas del aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum, se evaluó su incorporación en nanopartículas (NP) de metacrilato polimérico (Eudragit E100), su caracterización y ensayos antimicrobianos. El clavo tiene un gran potencial para aplicaciones en odontología. El aceite se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y las NP cargado de aceite utilizando el método de nanoprecipitación. El tamaño de partícula y el índice de polidispersidad se determinaron mediante espectroscopia de correlación fotónica y su morfología por microscopía electrónica. La capacidad de carga y la liberación de eugenol in vitro se evaluaron mediante cromatografía de gases en masa, y la actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó contra Streptococcus mutans. Se caracterizaron diferentes ingredientes químicos, siendo el eugenol el principal compuesto con 51.55%. El contenido de polímero se relacionó directamente con el tamaño homogéneo de NP, que fue de alrededor de 150 nm con morfología esférica. Se obtuvo un 73,2% de capacidad de carga de eugenol. El aceite cargado en NP presentó un mecanismo de liberación de eugenol de tipo fickiano. La actividad antimicrobiana a 300 µg/mL se obtuvo después de 24 h.

Efecto del Syzygium aromaticum (clavo de olor), sobre la glicemia en ratones con diabetes experimental / Effect of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) on glycemia in mice with experimental diabetes

Cada vez se encuentra disponible en el mercado una variedad de alimentos etiquetados como «alimentos funcionales¼, con diferentes declaraciones sobre sus beneficios para la salud, incluyendo para la diabetes; los compuestos bioactivos hallados en varios alimentos justifican la investigación, en este estudio se evaluará la capacidad hipoglicemiante de una especia de cocina. Objetivo. Determinar si el extracto acuoso del Syzygium aromaticum tiene efecto sobre la glicemia en ratones con diabetes experimental (DE). Materiales y métodos. Se elaboró un extracto acuoso de Syzygium aromaticum. Los ratones fueron distribuidos en cinco grupos de cuatro unidades cada grupo (G). El G1 sin DE recibió agua destilada (AD), los cuatro grupos restantes fueron ratones con DE. La diabetes experimental se indujo con estreptozotocina vía intraperitoneal. El grupo G2 con DE se trató con agua destilada; el G3 con DE fue tratado con S. aromaticum 50 mg/kg; el G4 con DE fue tratado con S. aromaticum 200 mg/kg; el G5 con DE fue tratado con acarbosa 100 mg/kg. Estos tratamientos y la administración de agua destilada al grupo sin DE fueron en dosis única durante 5 días; la evaluación final de las glicemias se realizó 24 h después. Resultados. Los grupos G3 y G4 disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,05) la glicemia con respecto al grupo placebo. El grupo G3 no mostró diferencia significativa con respecto al grupo tratado con acarbosa, ambos mostraron un drástico efecto hipoglicemiante. Conclusiones. En condiciones experimentales, el extracto de Syzygium aromaticum tiene efecto hipoglicemiante equiparable a la droga control, y podría ser el primer paso para que esta especia se considere un alimento funcional con potencial preventivo y terapéutico para la diabetes tipo 2.

A variety of foods labeled "functional foods" are increasingly available on the market, with different claims about their health benefits, including for diabetes; the bioactive compounds found in various foods justifies the investigation, in this study the hypoglycemic capacity of a kitchen spice will be evaluated. Objective: To determine if the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum has an effect on glycemia in mice with experimental diabetes (ED). Materials and methods: The aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum was prepared. The mice were divided into five groups of four units each group (G). Group G1 without DE received distilled water (DA), the remaining four groups where mice with ED. ED was induced with streptozotocin intraperitoneally, achieving hyperglycemic values. Group G2 with ED treated with distilled water, G3 with ED treated with Syzygium 50 mg / kg, G4 with ED treated with Syzygium 200 mg / kg, G5 with ED treated with acarbose 100 mg / kg, these treatments and the administration of distilled water to the group without ED were in a single dose for 5 days; the final evaluation of the glycemia was carried out 24 hours later. Results: The G3 and G4 groups significantly decreased (p <0.05) the glycemia with respect to the placebo group. The G3 group did not show a significant difference with respect to the group treated with acarbose, both showed a drastic hypoglycemic effect. Conclusions: Under experimental conditions, the Syzygium aromaticum extract has a hypoglycemic effect comparable to the control drug, and could be the first step for this spice to be considered a functional food with preventive and therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.

Bactericidal and Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Herbal Alternatives Against Enterococcus Faecalis Dentinal Biofilm - An ex-vivo Study

Abstract Objective: To assess the antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of Trigonella foenum, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia chebula seed extracts against E. faecalis dentinal biofilm. Material and Methods: Agar well diffusion, micro broth dilution assay and time-kill curve assay were performed to determine the antibacterial activity. The ability of the herbal extracts to remove the smear layer on the root canal surface was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Antibacterial activity was observed for the extracts of S. cumini and T. chebula on E. faecalis dentinal biofilm and its planktonic counterparts. The smear layer was efficiently removed by the seed extracts of T. chebula alone. Seed extracts of T. foenum neither possessed antibacterial effect nor smear layer removal ability. Conclusion: The extracts of T. chebula seeds may replace conventional irrigant due to its antibacterial properties and smear layer removing the ability. The extracts of S. cumini may be used as an intracanal medicament as it exhibited a bactericidal effect against the E. faecalis dentinal biofilm following 18 hours of incubation.

Cytotoxic and Apoptotic properties of the Flavonoid-rich Ethyl Acetate fraction of the Crude Methanol Leaf Extract of Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. (Myrtaceae) against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Introduction@#Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the Philippines and about 3 in every 100 Filipina will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. There is a need to discover safe, yet inexpensive herbal extracts with potential cytotoxic properties as potential treatment modalities to treat breast cancer. @*Objectives@#This study seeks to explore the cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of the defatted crude methanol leaf extract of Syzygium samarangense in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. @*Methods@#Screening for flavonoids of the extracts was performed using TLC, total flavonoids, total phenols, FTIR and LC-MS spectroscopy. The hydrogen peroxide and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power were used as substrates to assess in vitro anti-oxidative properties of the extracts. The MTT dye viability assay was used to assess the cytotoxic properties of the extracts against MCF-7 cells. Apoptotic properties of the extracts in MCF-7 cells were determined by caspase-3 activation assay, DNA fragmentation patterns and fluorescence microscopy after annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. @*Results@#The abundance of flavonoids in the ethyl acetate fraction of the crude methanol leaf extract was established by TLC, FTIR, LC-MS/MS, total flavonoid and total phenol analyses. The in vitro anti-oxidative properties of this extract was comparable to ascorbic acid. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of this extract in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines was 7.2 mcg/mL while doxorubicin registered an IC50 of 1.2 mcg/mL. At this concentration, the extract was not cytotoxic to normally-dividing breast epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity of the extract was mediated via apoptosis as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation and fluorescence microscopic analyses. @*Conclusion@#The study shows that the flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate fraction of the crude methanol leaf extract of S. samarangense possesses potent apoptotic and cytotoxic properties against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines at low concentrations.

Atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de diferentes especiarias / Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of different spices

As especiarias são utilizadas na alimentação, conferindo sabor e conservação prolongada aos alimentos, pois apresentam propriedades antimicrobianas provenientes dos óleos essenciais de sua constituição. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de cravo, louro, manjericão, noz moscada e orégano frente a seis bactérias patogênicas e deteriorantes por meio da técnica de difusão em poços e determinação das Concentrações Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Bactericida Mínima (CBM). O óleo essencial de orégano evidenciou forte atividade antibacteriana (CIM 50 - 800 μg.mL-1), seguido do cravo (CIM 800 - 3200 μg.mL-1), com atividade moderada para todos os microrganismos. Os outros óleos apresentaram baixa ação (CIM 400 - 3200 μg.mL-1), não apresentando atividade sobre todos as bactérias. Desta forma os óleos essenciais de cravo e orégano apresentaram melhor atividade antibacteriana e se apresentam como promissores para a aplicação e uso em alimentos.

Desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradaveis antimicrobianos a partir da incorporação de extrato de jamelão / Development of antimicrobial biodegradable films from the incorporation of jamelão extract

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver filmes biodegradáveis antimicrobianos a partir da incorporação do extrato bioativo proveniente da casca do fruto Jamelão. Para tal, foi obtido inicialmente o extrato das cascas em pó e depois foram elaborados filmes biodegradáveis utilizando acetato de celulose e amido+quitosana. Os filmes foram incorporados do extrato em diferentes concentrações para então serem avaliados quanto as suas propriedades antimicrobiana frente às cepas de Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes. Os resultados mostraram que nos filmes de acetato, não houve formação de halo de inibição frente a nenhuma das bactérias testadas, independentemente da concentração de extrato aplicado. Por outro lado, para os filmes de amido com quitosana, foi constatada atividade para as duas bactérias testadas e que à medida que se aumentava a concentração do extrato, aumentavam-se também os tamanhos dos halos de inibição. Logo estes podem ser aplicados em alimentos.

Quimiocastração com óleo essencial de Eugenia caryophyllata em cães / Canine chemical castration with Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil / Esterilización química con aceite Esencial de eugenia caryophyllata en perros

A esterilização química é uma técnica de esterilização que consiste na aplicação intratesticular de agentes esclerosantes, com o intuito de causar dano ao tecido testicular e, consequentemente, suprimir a atividade reprodutiva em animais do sexo masculino. Por ser uma técnica de rápida execução, de baixo custo e com baixos riscos de gerar complicações, vem sendo estudada como forma de esterilização em animais domésticos, especialmente pensando-se em sua utilização em larga escala. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a eficácia a médio prazo da quimiocastração com óleo essencial de cravo da índia. Doze cães adultos, sem raça definida, foram incluídos na pesquisa. Um grupo consistiu no grupo controle, o qual foi constituído de animais onde foi injetado 0,5 ml de solução fisiológica 0,9% em cada testículo, e outro, com a injeção de 0,5 mL de óleo essencial de cravo da índia em cada testículo. Foi possível observar histologicamente no grupo tratado que após 42 dias da quimiocastração houve a ocorrência de danos teciduais que geraram comprometimento da espermatogênese, o que não foi verificado no grupo controle. Apesar de o grupo tratado ter apresentado maior reação inflamatória dos testículos, as análises de cortisol e avaliação das escalas de dor permitiram constatar que não houve diferenças estatísticas entre o cortisol dos grupos controle e teste, e que a dor ocasionada pelo procedimento não atingiu um grau intenso, respectivamente. As análises bioquímicas das funções renal e hepática possibilitou verificar que, em ambos os grupos, não houve sinais de toxicidade para estes órgãos. Sendo assim, a sua utilização demonstrou-se eficaz e segura em causar supressão da atividade reprodutiva em cães machos, porém, mais estudos devem ser realizados de forma a verificar se os efeitos perduram em longo prazo.(AU)

Chemical castration is a sterilization technique consisting of intratesticular application of sclerosing agents with the intention of damaging the testicular tissue and, consequently, suppressing the reproductive activity in male animals. Since it is a fast-running, low-cost technique with low complication risks, it has been studied as a form of sterilization in pets, with special focus on a large-scale use. This study sought to evaluate the medium-term efficacy of clove essential oil as a chemical castration agent. Twelve adult dogs with no defined breed were included in the study. One group was considered the control group, which consisted of animals where 0.5 ml 0.9% saline solution was injected into each testicle. The other group was injected 0.5 ml clove essential oil in each testicle. It was possible to histologically observe in the treated group that after 42 days of the chemical sterilization there was the occurrence of tissue damages that generated spermatogenesis impairment, which was not verified in the control group. Although the treated group presented a greater inflammatory reaction of the testes, the cortisol analysis and evaluation of the pain scales showed that there were no statistical differences between the cortisol level of both groups, and that the pain caused by the procedure did not reach an intense degree, respectively. Biochemical analyzes of kidney and liver functions made it possible to verify that, in both groups, there were no signs of toxicity to these organs. Therefore, its use has been shown to be effective and safe in suppressing reproductive activity in male dogs. However, further studies should be carried out to verify if the effects persist in the long term.(AU)

La esterilización química es una técnica que consiste en la aplicación intratesticular de agentes esclerosantes, con el fin de causar daño al tejido testicular y, consecuentemente, suprimir la actividad reproductiva en animales del sexo masculino. Por ser una técnica de rápida ejecución, de bajo costo y con bajos riesgos de generar complicaciones, viene siendo estudiada como forma de esterilización en animales domésticos, especialmente pensando en su utilización a gran escala. El presente estudio buscó evaluar la eficacia a medio plazo de la esterilización química con aceite esencial del clavo de India. Doce perros adultos, sin raza definida, fueron incluidos en la investigación. Un grupo consistió en el grupo control, el cual fue constituido de animales donde se inyectó 0,5 ml de solución fisiológica 0,9% en cada testículo, y otro, con la inyección de 0,5 ml de aceite esencial del clavo de India en cada testículo. Se pudo observar histológicamente en el grupo tratado que, después de 42 días de la esterilización química hubo la ocurrencia de daños en tejidos que generaron comprometimiento de la espermatogénesis, lo que no fue verificado en el grupo control. A pesar de que el grupo tratado hubiera presentado mayor reacción inflamatoria de los testículos, los análisis de cortisol y evaluación de las escalas de dolor permitieron constatar que no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre el cortisol de los grupos control y prueba, y que el dolor ocasionado por el procedimiento no alcanzó un grado intenso, respectivamente. Los análisis bioquímicos de las funciones renal y hepática permitieron verificar que, en los grupos no hubo signos de toxicidad para estos órganos. Por lo tanto, su uso se demostró eficaz y seguro en causar supresión de la actividad reproductiva en perros machos, sin embargo, más estudios deben ser realizados para verificar si los efectos perduran a largo plazo.(AU)

Castração química em suínos com óleo essencial de cravo da índia (Eugenia caryophyllata) / Chemical castration in pigs with clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) / Castración química en cerdos con aceite esencial del cravo de india (Eugenia caryophyllata)

Os suínos são a segunda proteína animal mais consumido do mundo, sendo que o Brasil é o quarto produtor mundial deste tipo de carne. Atualmente, por exigência do mercado consumidor externo e interno há uma grande demanda por produção de carne por meios orgânicos ecologicamente sustentáveis e que sigam a premissa de bem-estar animal. A castração é realizada em suínos machos para tornar a carne palatável e aceita pelos consumidores. A técnica tradicionalmente empregada é a cirúrgica, mas da maneira que é praticada é um método que provoca dor e estresse nos animais. Como alternativa a este método existe a imunocastração. Tal técnica é eficaz e indolor, mas ainda onerosa para os produtores. Desta maneira, no presente trabalho foi estudada a castração química em suínos por meio de injeção intratesticular de óleo essencial de cravo da índia (OECI). Em todos os animais foi administrado meloxicam e foi feita anestesia infiltrativa intra-testicular. Estabelecida a anestesia foi realizada a castração química. Foi introduzido OECI nos testículos (intratesticular, bilateralmente). Após o procedimento, os suínos foram examinados diariamente durante uma semana. Em todos os animais a introdução do OECI foi de fácil execução, sem intercorrências nem óbitos. Em dois animais 20% (2/10) foi observado edema 24 horas após a administração do fármaco. No entanto, tal reação foi considerada como um processo inflamatório, provocado pela substância injetada no interior do tecido testicular. Não foram observados sinais de dor ou desconforto após a castração química nos animais. Provavelmente tal resultado é decorrente do protocolo analgésico e anestésico adotado no presente estudo. Concluiu-se que a injeção intratesticular de óleo essencial de cravo da índia em suínos machos mostrou-se uma técnica viável e de fácil execução na espécie estudada.(AU)

Pigs are the second most consumed animal protein in the world, with Brazil being the fourth largest producer of this type of meat in the world. Currently, due to the pressure from both the foreign and domestic consumer markets, there is a great demand for meat to be produced in an organic manner, which is ecologically sustainable and following the animal welfare assumptions. Castration is performed on male pigs to make the meat more palatable and accepted by consumers. The technique is traditionally surgical, a method that causes pain and stress to the animals. Immunocastration is an alternative to this method. This is an effective and painless technique for the animals, albeit still costly for the producers. Thus, this paper studied the chemical castration in pigs by intratesticular injection of clove essential oil (CEO). Meloxicam and intra-testicular infiltrative anesthesia were administered to all subjects. Once anesthesia was established, chemical castration was performed. CEO was introduced into the testicles (intratesticular, bilaterally). After the procedure, the subjects were examined daily for one week. In all subjects, the introduction of the CEO was easy to perform, uneventful, and no deaths were recorded. Edema was observed in two subjects (20%) (2/10) 24 hours after drug administration. However, such a reaction was considered as an inflammatory process caused by the substance injected into the testicular tissue. No signs of pain or discomfort were observed after chemical castration. The edema could also be a result of the analgesic and anesthetic protocol adopted in the study. It was concluded that intratesticular injection of clove essential oil in male pigs proved to be a viable and easily performed technique in the studied species.(AU)

Los cerdos son la segunda proteína animal más consumida del mundo, siendo que Brasil es el cuarto productor mundial de este tipo de carne. Actualmente, por exigencia del mercado consumidor externo e interno hay una gran demanda por producción de carne por medios orgánicos ecológicamente sostenibles y que sigan la premisa del bienestar animal. La castración se realiza en cerdos machos para hacer la carne más apetecible y acepta por los consumidores. La técnica tradicionalmente empleada es la quirúrgica, pero de la manera que se practica es un método que provoca dolor y estrés en los animales. Como alternativa a este método existe la inmunocastración. Tal técnica es eficaz e indolora, pero costosa para los productores. Así, en la presente investigación, se estudió la castración química en cerdos por inyección intratesticular de aceite esencial del clavo de India (AEC). Se administró meloxicam a todos los animales y se administró anestesia infiltrada intratesticular. Una vez que se estableció la anestesia, se realizó la castración química. Se ha introducido en los testículos AEC (intratesticular, bilateralmente). Después del procedimiento, los cerdos fueron examinados diariamente durante una semana. En todos los animales, la introducción del AEC ha sido fácil de realizarse, sin incidentes y sin óbito. En dos animales 20%; (2/10) se observó edema 24 horas tras la administración del fármaco. Sin embargo, dicha reacción se consideró como un proceso inflamatorio causado por la sustancia inyectada en el tejido testicular. No se observaron signos de dolor o incomodidad después de la castración química en los animales. Probablemente dicho resultado se deba al protocolo analgésico y anestésico adoptado en el presente estudio. Se concluyó que la inyección intratesticular de aceite esencial del clavo de India en cerdos machos demuestra ser una técnica viable y de fácil realización en la especie estudiada.(AU)

Protective role of Syzygium cumini leaf extracts against paraquat-induced oxidative stress in superoxide-dismutase-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of three different extracts prepared from Syzygium cumini leaves against paraquat-induced toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiaestrains deficient in superoxide dismutase (SOD). Additionally, the extracts phenolic and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant activity, and phytochemical composition (using high-pressure liquid chromatography) were determined. Bioactive compounds from S. cumini leaves were extracted with infusion (traditional method) or ultrasound (aqueous or hydroalcoholic). Compared to the infusion extract, the ultrasound extracts exhibited a greater protective capacity against paraquat toxicity in the yeast cells as well as higher antioxidant activity. These results may be directly related to the higher phenolic and flavonoid contents in these extracts, since they are recognized as having high antioxidant actions.